2.
   2024
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
2.         '      
-
3.           
4.           
-
5.          
2.
6.          
  ?
-
7.           
8.      ,      
   2024
/  
   
(1605  1849 . )
: 3     :50
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.        
: 
  ,         -   
  ,    ,         , 
 ,           
;   ,
                  
           
2.
   ,            
         '   ,  
                
            
   
     
               
      
  ,    
                
  
󽇐     ':   
    -            
       :
  (  , , )
  (,  ,  -)
    ,         ,    
 :
   
   
      
  
   -,          
󽇐    -  
    ,   , ,     '     -
  ,           : 
      :
"-" -  
  , ,       -    , 
   '      :
      
2.
  ,       
  
     
    ,          
󽇐   
           1606        
   

      
      
,   - ,           , 
     
             
;   ,
     -   
󽇐   
        :
     
  
    
           
,   '    
,         ' 
    
󽇐   
             ,    
   
     '      , 
   ,   :
   (1634)
2.
   (1635)
   ,         
        ,       
  
     ,     
󽇐52    "  "
                 

                  
    ,               
   52     
  
     :       ,     
 
    52        ,     -
   -       
         ,  ,      
󽇐      
          
;     
  '  
  :


   
   
   
      '  
  ,  -          
󽇐       '
2.
    
:
   
       
         
     
      ,         
           ,      
󽇐
                 
     ,         
 -             
, 
             
 -     -        
  '           ,    
          
2.         '      
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
              ' 
            (1621-1675) ,      
         
 -  ,     
                   
     ,            
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :           ,    
         ,      
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
      1621       ,     , 
       
2.
  ,         ,   
           
    ,      '   
1664  ,      ,    -  
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
17
 ,             
    ,           
    
 ,          ,    
 
        ,  "  " (  ) 
  
         ,        
      ,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔            
 
,           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
1675  ,              
 
           
   -   ,        - 
         
  ,              '    
,              
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔      
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 ' 
1.    
                
 
              
 ,           
2.
                   
    
2.    
              
   ,      1699       
  - -          
       ,        
   
3.    
            :   
       
              
     
           
4.   
       
 -     
   
    ,  -     
                  
 
5.    
             ,    
    
  ,         ,     
  
       
   ,    
    
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
             
        ,       
   
,              , 
                 
           
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
                 
   ,                 
 -    ,    ,   , 
       
-
3.           
:    ,   17
     ,  
       ,        
  ,      ,   
           ,     ,
               
 ,       
   ,           ,    
     ,         ,     , 
          ,    ,     
       
,          ,    ,  
                
, 
              
              ,  
 ,               
   ,            ,   
       1675    ,         
                   
  
       ,      ,   ,   
,                 
    
         
               
          
2.
          -       
     
 :  1699
     13  1699           
  ,  ,           ,    
   
                  
             :
"          ?"
                 ,  
                
        ,          
              
        
- ,       :
    
    
     
    
                
  
          - ,     ,  
        ,   
       
    
    -   -     
  
2.
      (  )           
             ,   ,  
            :
         
 
 ,    
    ,     
      ,   ,    
 
                , 
 -  ,     
     ,  " ",
     
    
 ,           ( )   
   :
        
     
    
    
,     
              
                  
 
       ,    
  - 
                :
1. -  ,        
2. -   ,     
3. -   , ,       
4. -  ,       
5. -    ,      
            ,  
        
     
2.
            ,  
                
                  
             
      
         ,     
              ,  
      ,        

       
   ,  
             
;   
        '     ' , 
 '     '    , ,  
    
 ,       ,         
         
4.           
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
1699                
             
 -   ,
            
,     
       
             
,       ,        -  
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :                
,        
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
17
         ,      
  
2.
  ,   ,          
   
  ,   ,           
  ,        
1699      ,     ,        
 - -     ,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
   (, , , , ) 
      
  
  ,       
 
 (  ):       
 ():     
 (  ):       
 
 ( ):    
 ():      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        ,        
           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ' 
1.  
              
     
 -         
 
 ,           
 
2.  
  ,        
 ,       ,    (  )    
  
            
   '              ,   ""
()    "" ()     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   '              
3.  
2.
                
     
 ,       
         ,      
      

4.  
    ,     -  

,          ,  

         
      
     
 
5.   
   ""   ,        
             

  -           
6.  
 ,         '   
        ,       
             
7.   
        ,      
             
 ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
                 
  
,     : "
  
 - 
 ,     " 
   
,            ,    ,
               
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
        
,   19
    
        
2.
         ,      
  ,             
       ,       
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
               
 
,    ,   ,        
       ,         
        
-
5.          
: 
 ,        ,    
     
  -        ,  ,
                 

; ,                 
                
              ,       

 
   
     1670               
  ,           ,    (  )
                 
,       (  )    
        
1708  ,    ,            ,
             ,    , 
                   
               ,   
     - ""     ,  ""  
2.
          :        
             ,  
       ,            
        
       
;       ,   
     
   
1709  ,                 
                 
    ,      
      
 -   ,      
-,                
      : •        
         
         
   - 
       (1709)          
    ,            
     '            
               
      ,       

   -    
         1710   ,        
              
                
      ,         ' 
2.
           
     

               
   
   
   ,         -    
     
 
          ,      
 '               ,  
   '  
     :
1.    
    ,   
 (
)         
       
          

              
   
    
2.   
            
  
                

3.     
  ,            '   
              '  
 
4.   
              
     ,       
2.
     
        

       
      
         ,      
 -     -,        
  , 1715  ,              
              ,  ,
        
1716  ,                
 ,                
          
   
 
    ,  
  :
                 
   ,         
              
         ,       
   

          
;  , ,  
         ,        , 
        
 
      
,             
                
            
 ,  
     ,  
      
, 
           ,   , 
            
    
         
2.
6.          
  ?
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
18
      ,        
          ,    ' 
      ,  -           
             -        ,
          ,      - 
           
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :              
,                
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   
          ""  ""    , 
      
            
    
2.   
1716         ,      
  
 ,         ,    
    
  -          
3.     
   ' 12  ,    18          
 :
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.
    -         ,  
 
4.   
            
    ,      
      
 ,      
 '   
           ,    
         
5.     
           
     ,        
   -          
  ,         
,  19
  
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :             ,
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   
      ""      ,   
       ,         
      
2.  
?
18
             
   
         
          
  
    
,         

3.     
       (       
)  
2.
  ,         
    ,         

    
 -         
 
4.    ' 
:              
 
:        -
:          
 :         
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :         - 
    
   ,    ,         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    
1.  
           
       '       
2.  
           '  
          
3.  
      ,    
          ,    
   
4.  
         -  
                

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
2.
       
 -  -        
      ,         

             ,  
           
-
7.           
: 
      ,  
     

 ; 
  -        19
    
               
-,            ,  
     ,              
          -   ( 
  )   (    ) -   -      
           
    ,     
     
                 -   
 ,             ,
     '  
1.      
      -        ,   
           ,     '  ,  
  
          '       
,    
,      
2.    
2.
            ,  
     
         
      '   ,        '
      :
  -  
  -   
 -   
 
       ,         
  

3.    -   
       ,        , 
                 
       ,   ,       
      ,           ,
        '    
            
4.   

       ,         

  '        ,       
 
    -   '     
,     ,          
 
     ,     ,    
5.   
             , "   
         "
2.
     

      
  ,       
     ,     
      
          ,          
        
6.      
          
      

         
     
 
  "--"  ,       , 
              
7.  
      
       
       
         
, ,     
 ,      
 ,         ,     
     
       ,         
  ,                
             
2.
1.      
   ,     '   -    ,  
          ,    
       
   :
 , ,          '

     
   ,    
     
 ,          
2.     
         :
a)   ( )
   , ,       
)  ( )
   ,   ,     '    
c)  (  )
            -    
        
3.     
     ,         
     :
     
   
  
    ' ,    ' 
 ,      
2.
4.    
-   
        -  
     
    '    -          
    ,        '   
            
5.     
      '   ,        
 
   ,          
      '   , 
      
    

        
,      
        -     , ,   
       ,       
      
, ,    ,  19
       
           "  "     ,
    ,      
8.      ,      
: 
   ,          
    ,
, ,       
 
     ,    
,            
     
 -  , ,   ,    
      
   ,             , 
,   ,         
 
 ,   ,         
  ,
2.
     ,     '     

   
 (    )             
   
     ,  ,   
  
1.  
            ,   
              ,    
      '    
 :              
 '      ,  ,     
  :     ,       
         
  :           
 
       , 
 -      

2.    
       ,             
       ,      
  
    ,           

  -  ,    ,  ,   
     
3.      
             :
2.
   
     
     
        
, ,     
  ,      , ,   '  
   '  
   
         , ,       
       
1.  -     
    ,                

 ,         ,  ,  
 ,  
         
  ,   ,      1699       
         ,     
   
2.  - ,   
       ,         
       ,  
      
       ,      
         ,  
      
        
3.   -   
2.
                     
          '      ,   
   
 
4.  
  ,    ,           ,
          
   
        ,      
       
;  , , , ,  
       
1.    
       
   
      ,          
              
   
  
        ,       
           ,   

2.    
            :
-
 

2.
                 ,
,  ,             
      
 
3.    
        
         
 
  ,          
 
          
         
4.   
               :





              
,      
       
   ,    
   
      :
   
   -   
   
   
      
2.
       ,         

      ,     '     
 ,          ,    
            ,   
     ,         
 
 ,  
 ,  
 ,     ,     , 

                    
"              
 
       ,       
 "